ZHAO Zuo-ping.Assessment of the Current Soil Pollution Situation in Apple Orchards of Shaanxi Province[J].Northern Horticulture,2015,39(11):192-196.[doi:10.11937/bfyy.201511048]
陕西苹果园土壤污染现状评估分析
- Title:
- Assessment of the Current Soil Pollution Situation in Apple Orchards of Shaanxi Province
- 文章编号:
- 1001-0009(2015）11-0192-05
- Keywords:
- Shaanxi province; apple orchard; soil pollution; assessment
- 分类号:
- S 661.106+.1
- 文献标志码:
- A
- 摘要:
- 为了解陕西果园土壤污染现状，加强果园综合管理、指导果农科学种植。以陕西省果园主要分布区的农户调查数据为基础，结合近几年有关果园土壤污染资料，分析评估陕西省苹果园土壤污染现状。结果表明：陕西苹果园纯氮施用量平均达671 kg/hm2，是苹果树需氮量的近3倍。果园硝态氮累积严重，累积层主要集中在在80～200 cm，其含量超过200 mg/kg以上。陕西果园土壤重金属含量现状水平符合无公害苹果生产及绿色食品苹果生产的要求。但土壤As、Hg和Ni 单项污染指数较高。公路两侧果园土壤受汽车尾气铅的影响造成一定的轻度污染。果农缺乏用药常识，不合理的喷施农药造成果园土壤污染。为此提出减轻陕西果园土壤污染的措施：1）根据土壤的特性、气候状况和农作物的生长发育特点，配方施肥，应减少氮肥用量，提高氮肥利用率，适当增加磷钾肥，实现养分资源综合管理。2）控制化学农药的用量、范围、喷施次数和喷施时间，提高喷洒技术，改进农药剂型，严格限制剧毒、高残留农药的使用。3）严控“三废”入园，选园时尽量避开已有的污染源；投入磷、钾、有机肥及微肥时，应注意砷、铬、铅等有害元素的引入。增施有机肥，提高土壤有机质含量，增强土壤胶体对重金属和农药的吸附能力。
- Abstract:
- To evaluate the current situation of soil pollution in apple orchard of Shaanxi province，and put forward countermeasures to solve the problems.Based on data collected from survey of orchard soil fertility，farmer interview and correlative literatures of soil pollution in apple orchard were conducted.The results showed that the average amount of used nitrogen fertilizer was 671 kg/hm2，and nearly was three times of nitrogen requirement for apple trees.The nitrate accumulation was more serious，which content was more than 200 mg/kg，and concentrated in the 80-200 cm.The mean value of single-factor indices of As，Hg and Ni were higher than 0.7，but it was less than 1.So the heavy metals contents in soil environment was in a good condition in Shaanxi apple orchard，and it was suitable for the demand of the green food apple production by the environment quality standard for soils in producing area of the green food.However，the mean value of single-factor indices of As，being at the warning limit of the environment quality standard for soils in producing area of the green food.Farmers lacked of spraying pesticides knowledge，unreasonable spraying caused soil pollution by pesticides in apple orchard.Therefore，it was probably a good way to reduce N fertilizer usage and to improve fertilizer utilization ratio.Application of more organic manure and combination of spring fertilization with suitable irrigation were critical for apple production.This achieved integrated management of nutrients and improved nutrient use efficiency.And controlled the dosage，limits，frequency of spraying pesticides，strictly limited the use of high toxic pesticide residue.Rein in ‘three wastes’，choosing orchard as far as possible to avoid existing pollution sources；application of phosphorus，potassium，organic fertilizer and the micronutrient fertilizer，should pay attention to harmful elements were dragged-in.
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备注/Memo
作者简介：赵佐平(1982-），男，博士，讲师，现主要从事污染物迁移与调控等研究工作。E-mail:zhaozuoping@126.com. 基金项目：农业部农业环境重点实验室开放基金资助项目(2015）；陕西理工学院人才启动资助项目(SLGKYQD2-07）。