MA Mao-ting,ZHAO Tong-ke,ZHAO Li-ping,et al.Effects of Located Fertilization on Nitrogen Utilization and Environment in Vegetable Field in the Cold Zone[J].Northern Horticulture,2013,37(20):149-154.
冷凉区菜田定位施肥对氮素利用及环境效应的影响
- Title:
- Effects of Located Fertilization on Nitrogen Utilization and Environment in Vegetable Field in the Cold Zone
- 文章编号:
- 1001-0009(2013)20-0149-06
- Keywords:
- cold zone; vegetable field; located fertilization; nitrogen use efficiency; environmental effect
- 分类号:
- S 344
- 文献标志码:
- A
- 摘要:
- 以“春甘三号”甘蓝为试材，以延庆县露地菜田为研究对象，设置不施肥对照、有机肥（7 500 kg/hm2）、常规（有机肥7 500 kg/hm2+化肥N-P2O5-K2O=300-120-45 kg/hm2）、20%增氮（有机肥7 500 kg/hm2+化肥N-P2O5-K2O=360-90-135 kg/hm2）、20%减氮（有机肥7 500 kg/hm2+化肥N-P2O5-K2O=240-90-135 kg/hm2）、60%减氮（有机肥7 500 kg/hm2+化肥N-P2O5-K2O=120-90-135 kg/hm2）6个处理，开展小区定位监测试验，研究有机无机配施、不同氮磷钾配比条件下氮肥利用效率及环境效应。结果表明：施肥显著增加了甘蓝产量，有机肥处理最低增产为33.56%，其中20%减氮处理增产最高为85.92%，显著高于常规处理。氮肥利用率有机肥处理最低为10.96%，常规和20%增氮处理与其相比都没有显著差异；60%减氮处理最高为18.52%，20%减氮处理为16.74%，二者之间没有显著差异，都显著高于常规处理。3 a试验时，有机肥处理下土壤剖面中以硝态氮为主无机态氮含量及收集90 cm处淋溶氮素总量与对照相比都没有显著差异；常规和20%增氮处理下80~90 cm土层都有较高的无机态氮残留量，收集90 cm处淋溶氮素总量分别是对照的12.45倍和14.19倍，达极显著水平；20%和60%减氮处理也显著增加了土壤剖面无机态氮残留量和淋溶氮素总量，但都显著低于常规处理，二者相比，前者分别是后者的1.23倍和1.91倍，差异达显著水平。以上结果说明，冷凉区雨热同期条件下，较高肥力菜田土壤中不利于有机肥的分解和养分的释放，过量氮肥以及不适宜磷钾比例条件不利于作物对养分的吸收，导致无机态氮在土壤中的大量累积和淋溶损失；磷钾配施条件下，减氮处理有利于作物对养分的吸收，提高氮素利用率，降低土壤无机态氮的残留量和淋失量，但长期定位条件下60%过量减氮有降低作物产量的趋势。
- Abstract:
- Taking ‘Chungan 3’ cabbage as material，with the open vegetable fields in Yanqing county of this area as the object，six treatments were set up，including the control group without fertilization，organic fertilizer (7 500 kg/hm2)，conventional fertilizer(organic fertilizer 7 500 kg/hm2+chemical fertilizer N-P2O5-K2O=300-120-45 kg/hm2)，increased nitrogen by 20% (organic fertilizer 7 500 kg/hm2+chemical fertilizer N-P2O5-K2O=360-90-135 kg/hm2)，decreased nitrogen by 20% (organic fertilizer 7 500 kg/hm2+chemical fertilizer N-P2O5-K2O=240-90-135 kg/hm2) and decreased nitrogen by 60% (organic fertilizer 7 500 kg/hm2+chemical fertilizer N-P2O5-K2O=120-90-135 kg/hm2)，the monitoring experiments of located fertilization were carried out to study the nitrogen use efficiency as well as the environmental effects under the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and different ratio of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium.Results showed that all fertilization significantly increased the cabbage production，organic fertilizer for treatment increased by a minimum of 33.56%，reduced nitrogen by 20% for treatment increased by a maximum of 85.92%，significantly higher than the conventional treatment.Nitrogen use efficiency of the organic manure was a minimum of 10.96%，and by comparison，conventional treatment and increased nitrogen by 20% for treatment had no significant difference；reduced nitrogen by 60% for treatment was a maximum of 18.52%，and the reduced nitrogen by 20% for treatment was 16.74%，where there was no significant difference between them，significantly higher than the conventional treatment in both cases.In the three years of experiment，the inorganic nitrogen content in soil profile and the total leaching nitrogen collected at 90 cm had no significant difference the treatment of organic fertilizer as compared with the control；there was higher inorganic nitrogen residues in 80~90 cm soil profile under the conventional and increased nitrogen by 20% for treatment，and the total leaching nitrogen collected at 90cm was respectively 12.45 times and 14.19 times of the control，up to highly significant level；the reduced nitrogen by 20% and 60% for treatment also significantly increased the inorganic nitrogen residue in soil profile and total leaching nitrogen，but significantly lower than the conventional treatment，and by comparison，the former was respectively 1.23 times and 1.91 times of the latter，where the difference reached significant level.The above results indicated that，under the conditions of rain and heat over the same period in the cold zone，the higher fertility in vegetable field was unsuitable for the decomposition and nutrients release of organic fertilizer，excess nitrogen fertilizer and improper ratio of phosphorus and potassium was unsuitable for the crops on the absorption of nutrients，leading to large amounts of accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in soil and leaching loss；under combined application of phosphorus and potassium，the reduced nitrogen for treatment was beneficial to the crops on the absorption of nutrients，to improve the nitrogen use efficiency，to reduce the inorganic nitrogen residue in soil and leaching loss，but under the condition of long-term positioning，the excessively reduced nitrogen by 60% had a tendency to decrease crop yield.
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备注/Memo
第一作者简介：马茂亭（1983-）,男，硕士，助理研究员，现主要从事农业面源污染控制等研究工作。E-mail：mamaoting@139.com.